Process of sugar refining and manufacturing



Patented Dec. 4, 1923. I

ROY D. ELLIOTT, F CROC} IET'I, CALIFORNIA.

PROCESS OF SUGAR REFINING AND MANUFACTURING.

Ito ihrawin g.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, ROY D. ELLIOTT, a citizeniof the United States, residing at Crockett, in the county of Contra Costa and State of California, have invented new and useful Improvements in Processes of Sugar Refining and Manufacturing, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to an improved process of sugar manufacture and refining,

and to the recovery of by-products.

In the practice of the ordinary process of sugar manufacture and refining it is usual to separate the sugar from impure solutions by the process of fractional crystallization. This is done by concentrating the impure sugar solutions in the vacuum pan until a portion of the sugar has been crystallized out. The resulting magma,lconsisting of sugar crystals and the mother syrup is dropped from the vacuum pan into a mixer and is there maintained in a state of agitation until takeninto the centrifugal machines, where the syrup and crystals are separated. The syrup or mother liquor leaving the centrifugal machines still contains considerable sugar and practically all of the impurities. It is then usual to again return the syrup to the vacuum pan either with or without having previously subjected it to various physical or chemical processes. The

syrup returned to the vacuum pan is thenconcentrated until a further portion of the sugar has crystallized out. The resulting magma is dropped into the mixer, and again taken into the centrifugal machines where the syrup is separated from the sugar crystals as in the first instance. This process is repeated several times, the resulting sugar crystals and the mother syrup becoming less pure with each action, and the yield of sugar crystals diminishing with each action. Ultimately a syrup results from which it is impossible to extract more sugar by the process of crystallization. Toward the end of this crystallizing process both the sugar and syrup become sticky and diflicult to separate, entailing much labor and expense, and the resulting sugar crystals are so impure that they must be remelted and taken back to the beginning of the process. The impurities accompanying the sugar crystals must be again contended with throughout another cycle of the process, burdening the filter presses, the bonecoal, the pans, and the cen- Application filed January 7, 1920. Serial No. 349,977. I

trifugals. This is due to the increased con centration of those impurities, with attendant increases in viscosity, caused by their presence, and the formation of uncrystallizable compounds cause-d by the chemical to union of. these impurities and the sugar. Ultimately these impurities completely prevent the crystallization of that sugar which appears in the final residue known asmolasses.

Briefly considered, the present invention relates to a method of removing the impurities near the beginning of the manufacturing or refining process, leaving all sucrose free to crystallize and thereby preventing the production of final molasses, as well as a method of utilizing the removed impurities as a raw material for the manufacture of a very potent agent to be used as an adjunct with other substances in efiecting the removal of like impurities.

I am aware that impure sugar solutions have been used as a raw material for the preparation of decolorizing carbons, but in such processes the sugar itself is destroyed a0 and constitutes the chief source of the car bon. I am also aware that certain processes have been used wherein the superficial impurities of raw cane juice, consisting mostl of suspended particles of the stalk of the as cane has been separated and utilized for the manufacture of decolorizing carbon. I am also aware that certain processes are used for extracting the sugar from beet molasses, these processes however not being applicable to to cane molasses. I am also aware that certain agents have been used for precipitating or otherwise removing small portions of one or more of the various impurities from sugar solutions. I am not aware, however, that a a5 method of sugar manufacturing and refining has been used, as in my invention, which differs from all these in that it is applicable alike to impure sugar solutions derived either from the beet or the cane, and which 1 process does not destroy sugar, andbrings about a substantially quantitative removal of all the impurities in the solution both organic and mineral, which are deleterious to the concentration of the solution, and the g/paining and purging of the sucrose crystals.

y invention also difiers from other methods of sugar manufacture or refining in'that there is no final molasses produced. Tn cane sugar factories the reducing sugars are 7110 ill lit

purged of the sucrose crystals in the centrifugal machines in such a state as to be hi hly suitable for human consumption.

TVhile the present invention of purifying sugar solutions is ordinarily resorted to quite early in the manufacturing or refining process, I wish it understood that it is e ually applicable to, and: advantageously emp oyed for, the purification of any intermediate or low grade juice, liquor, syrup, or molasses occurring either in the refinery, beet or cane sugar factory and that this process can be used for the production of raw sugar, re finedsugar, soft sugar or edible syrup.

Having now mentioned the objects of my invention T will proceed to describe the method of practicing my invention in the re finery, so that it may be carried out by those familiar with sugar manufacture or refining. In this case the raw sugar entering the re nery is washed in the usual way up to a high degree of purity, and: this washed sugar is subjected to the usual prtcess of sugar refining until the impurities have accumulated to such an extent as to render further operations by the old process burdensome.

The syrup resulting from the washing of the raw sugar contains by far the greater portion of all the impurities from the raw sugar. The removal of these impurities is the principal object of the present invention as they cause the formation of molasses. The present process is also advantageously applied to the impure sugar solution resulting from the concentration of the water which was used to wash the presses and char filters through which the raw washed sugar solution was filtered. The raw washed high purity sugar leaving the centrifugal machines, as previously mentioned, is subjected to the usual process of sugar refining, but as soon as the impurities have accumulated in the syrup to such an extent as to cause difiicult working, this syrup is also purified by in new improved process. In general, it will be seen that my improved process is applicable for use, either in beet, or cane sugar factories or refineries, with any sugar solution as soon as the impurities have accumulated to such an extent as to render filtration, boiling or purging difficult.

The solution to be purified, and from which the raw material, for the manufacture of an agent to bring about the purification of succeedin impure sugar solutions is made, may be rst diluted to a suitable density with water or a low density sugar solution known in the refinery as sweetwaters. This raw material consists essentially of the organic non-sugars, mostly gums and some mineral substances existing in the sugar solution as impurities. These are extracted from the sugar solution by means hereinnutter described and converted into a carbonaceous material by destructive distillation arrears out of contact with air and used in several of the steps of this process as an active filtering and decolorizing agent.

The solution to be purified; having been brought to a suitable density, the remainder of the process, up to the step where alcohol is to be removed is carried out at atmospheric temperatures, unless these temperatures be extreme. Any temperature between 10 C. and 35 C. will be found suitable. A suitable density ior the solution to be purified is 45 Brix for final molasses up to about 50 to Bria for raw wash and similar syrups or liquors. Other products should be made to the same or intermediate densities depending somewhat upon the composition of the syrup or liquor. lit may sometimes be advisable to work with densities either greater or lower than those mentioned.

To the solution of proper density there is added, from one, to one and a half volumes. of 90% to 96% grain, wood, denatured or partially denatured alcohol. lit working with relatively high density sugar solutions a greater quantity of lower strength alcohol may be used, and if working with relatively low density sugar solutions a smaller quantity of higher strength alcohol may be used. The mixture is then stirred.

There is now added to the mixture from one to three percent of a finely powdered carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material as estimated on the weight of the impure sugar solution, the manufacture of which is hereinafter described. For the salts of brevity, this carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material will be spoken of as gum carbon throughout the remainder of these specifications. The addition of gum carbon at this step is highly advantageous and desirable, not only in that it removes considerable coloring matter not precipitable by the alcohol, but it greatly aids in filtration, and makes a free washing and brittle cake. This cake would otherwise be a sticky, gummy mass, diflicult to wash, hard to remove from the press and to work for its valuable by-prozlucts. The mixture is then stirred'with an air jet or by other suitable means for three or four minutes. This l treatment brings about the precipitation of the gums and some mineral substances, consisting mostly of calcium sulphate, and causes the thorough incorporation of the sticky gums into the ores and onto the surface the gum carhon in such a manner that the can be readily filtered Oh.

The mixture is now sent through a filter press, a very satisfactory type of which is the plate and frame press. The cake which is deposited in the press is composed of gums, waxes, coloring matter and some mineral substances together with the gum carbon which was added. This cake comprises the first portion oif raw material from Mil lid

navaaaa which the gum carbon is prepared. Before removing the cake from the press it is washed free from sugar with about 90% to 96% alcohol and the washings used to precipitate the gums in a succeeding batch of impure sugar solution. The cake is then washed free from alcohol with cold water and the wash water may be used to dilute succeeding batches of impure sugar solutions to a suitable density, or it may be sent to a still where the alcohol is recovered.

The clear alcoholic sugar solution leaving the filter press and now free from gums and some coloring matter is then treated with a quantity of some substance which will form insoluble compounds with potassium in an alcoholic sugar solution. The quantity of required substance will depend upon the amount of potassium salts present, and should be added in an amount slightly in excess of the amount necessary to effect the chemical combination of all the potassium present. iSuch substances may be aluminum sulphate, tartaric acid, sodium bi-tartrate, sulphuric acid and the like. Ordinarily strong acids such as sulphuric acid should not be used, unless the product is to be manufactured into an edible syrup,

because of the inversion which may occur.-

The substance added should always be in the form of a solution of known concentration and should be added while the mixture is being stirred. Crystals of potassium salts will 'then rapidly form and within an hour may be separated by filtration, straining or other suitable means, As soon as the crystals have formed there should be no unnecessary or prolonged delay in filtering or straining. The separated crystals of potassium salts are removed from the press and packed for market or utilized as desired.

The clear filtered alcoholic sugar solution, now freed from its gums and potassium salts, contains the excess of the substance used for the precipitation of the potassium. This excess of added substance is now removed, as otherwise it would cause inversion at a later step in the process when the solution is heated. To accomplish this removal there is added lime or similar substance, such as strontia, which will form insoluble compounds with the substance used for the precipitation of potassium in alcoholic sugar solutions. It is best that this addition take place 1mmed1ately following the completion of the filtering or straining operation. The

"lime or similar substance used for bringing about the precipitation should preferably be in the form of a hydroxide. The quantity of lime or other precipitatory agent used should not be suiiiciently great to form insoluble compounds with the sugar. nor to render its subsequent removal burdensome. Generally an alkalinity of 50 parts Cat) per 100,000 parts of solution is desirable. This apparatus may be employed for this may be determined by titration, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. The substance used tor the precipitation of potassium, together with the remaining organic described, and constitutes the second portion of the raw material from which the gum carbon is manufactured.

The clear alcoholic sugar solution leaving the filter press still contains the alcohol and the excess of precipitating agent which was added. The excess of this agent is now precipitated with phosphoric acid, calcium super-phosphate, carbon-dioxide, or any other substance which will formv insoluble compounds with lime or similar substance in alcoholic solutions. Care must be taken at this point to add no excess of the reagent. It is best to stop the addition of the reagent at a point which is barely alkaline to litmus paper.

After this, one to three per cent of powdered gum carbon based on the weight of the impure sugar solution is again added and the mixture filtered. The cake is now washed as before described and constitutes the third portion of the raw material for the manufacture of the gum carbon. The clear-filtrate of sugar solutions is now prac tically free of all organic and mineral impurities deleterious to the concentration of the solution and the crystallization and purging of the sucrose.

The alcohol must noW be removed in a manner that will permit of its recovery. This may be done by transferring the alcoholic sugar solution direct to a still. T wish it understood, however, that T do not limit this process to any particular type of apparatus for distilling or recovering the alcohol as it is apparent that several form of pur pose. Having thus removed the alcohol, the purified sugar solution is worked from this ointon in the samemanner as is already in use for recovering the sugar from high purity solutions.

In working with sugar olutions derived from the cane, there will be a residual syrup consisting mostly of reducing sugars. These can be easily made into an excellent syrup for table use by further treatment with gum carbon. Refineries adopting this process which are already equipped with the bone-coal process will desire no doubt to continue to derive the full benefit of their equipment. Tn. such cases the two processes may advantageously Work together in a manner thought most fitting for the particular plant in question.

ra e

The three portions of raw material for the manufacture of the gum carbon which constitute the impurities which were derived from the sugar solution are mixed. The mixing of the three portions of the raw material before carbonization is very desirable, because it insures a thorough incorporation into 'all portions of the raw material, certain mineral substances which have been found of great value as impregnating substances in the preparation of decolorizing carbons. One of these substances, aluminum hydroxide is converted into aluminum oxide during the carbonization and forms.

the necessary mineral skeleton for the finished carbon. The other substances calcium ulphate, calcium phosphate and calcium oxide, remain as solids at the final temperature in an extremely fine state of division and are removed from the carbon by suitable solvents. These various chemical substances are present for the following reasons:

The aluminum sulphate added to precipitate the potash combines with potassium chloride (present in the sugar) to form potash alum and aluminum chloride. The aluminum chloride remains in solution until precipitated by excess of lime as aluminum hydroxide and is filtered off as a portion, of the cake. The aluminum hydroxide is converted to the oxide bythe carbonization. The aluminum oxide is then'returned with the carbon to the sugar liquor and appears in the cake.

In adding excess of lime to precipitate the excess 0t aluminum sulphate, and to precipitate the aluminum of aluminum chloride, the precipitated alumina quickly envelops the solid particles of lime in the milk of lime (which are not readily soluble in the alcoholic sugar solution) and these solid particles enveloped by the alumina are filtered oil? with the cake as Ca(()H),. Also calcium salts of organic acids insoluble in alcohol are formed and filtered ofi. These ime compounds are converted by the carlbonization process to calcium oxide and calcium carbonate.

The sulphate radicle exists in impure sugars and is' precipitated by lime to form calcium sulphate (insoluble in alcohol) and is filtered ofi' with the cake. Also the excess of aluminum sulphate combines with lime to form calcium sulphate.

Phosphatesare also a constituent of the impurities of unrefined sugar and combine with lime to form calcium phosphate. Also any excess of lime remaining in solution is precipitated with phosphoric acid as calcium phosphate. The presence of these impregnating substances, together with the finely divided state of all the materials and the presence of nitrogenous substance of the raw material are the chief requisites of a good decolorizing vegetable carbon. After mixing, the resulting niass is subjected to the process of destructive distillation out of contact with the air, in any of the well known forms of kilns, such as are used for the manufacture of bone-coal, coke or carbon. The continuous type of retort as used for the destructive distillation of saw dust or wood waste is a desirable form of apparatus. The heat should be applied so that the material undergoing destructive distillation will reach a temperature of about 600 C. The temperature required will depend upon the rate of flow of the carbonaceous material, or the capacity of the retort as regards the demands upon it. At any rate the temperature and rate of vflow of the carbonaceous material through the retort, should be so regulated that all organic matter is thoroughly carbonized.

The resulting gum carbon now freed from all volatile organic substances, should be made to drop from the retort into water where it is quenched without exposure to the air and in the same manner as carbon resulting from the destructive distillation of saw dust is quenched. The gum carbon is then washed by any suitable means, first with hydrochloric acid, then with water and dried and powdered, after which it is ready for use as before described.

The destructive distillation of the raw material which is used for the manufacture of gum carbon is accompanied by the generation of a number of gases. Some of these gases can be condensed by well known processes and from them may be obtained wood alcohol, tar, acetone and ammonia. The uncondensible gases may be used as fuel in'the retort furnace. If not desired to condense any of the gases, they may all be used as a fuel for the retort furnace. Plants equipped for the regeneration of bone-cole, consisting of char dryers, retorts, kilns and coolers may use such equipment for the manufacture of gum carbon if desired.

l hare now described one method of carrying out my new and improved process. T here are several variations by which similar results may be obtained. For instance, the gum carbon may be used in char cisterns, in the same manner as bone-coal is used, or the gum carbon can he used in filter presses for treating sugar solutions not otherwise treated by my process; Again it will be observed that the potassium salts may be precipitated together with the gums and other substances and one or more filtration operations may thereby be avoided in this manner. In, such an event the potassium salts could be washed from the cake in the filter press, or its removal could be delayed until after the destructive distillation of the organic substances at which time it gar ens may be removed-from the gum carbon by washing with water, and recovered by evaporating the water to dryness and igniting the residue. Furthermore, there may be times when it would not be essential to re: move all the impurities in a manner socompletely as l have described. In such cases the process may be abridged at any point as the exigency of the particular case demands.

It should be mentioned that when a manufacturer or refiner first starts the use of this process it will be desirable to acquire the requisite gum carbon by purchase, or some similar less efiicient vegetable or animal carbon may be used or purely filtration aids such as lrieselguhr and Similar substances may also be used until a sufiicient quantity of gum carbon has accumulated. Ultimately there will be a greater uantity than can be used. The surplus Wlll thereafter constitute an additional by-product of considerable value.

Having now described my invention what I claim is:

1. The process of sugar manufacturing and refining which consists in precipitating the impurities by adding alcohol to impure sugar solutions, removing this precipitate and subjecting it to destructive distillation out of contact with air, removing "from the carbonized mass the soluble substances by Washing with water and thereafter adding the carbon so produced to impure sugar solutions and thereafter removing the suspended and absorbed substances from the sugar solution by filtration.

2. The process of sugar manufacturing and refining which consists in precipitating the impurities from impure sugar solutions by adding alcohol and gum carbon to the impure sugar solutions, removmg' the precipitate and converting it by carbonization into a filtering and decolorizing carbon, adding the carbon so produced to impure sugar solutions and separating the suspended and absorbed solids by filtration.

3. The process of purifying sugar solutions which consists in adding to the impure sugar solutions, a quantity of alcohol and a quantity of gum carbon and then filtering.

l. The process of the manufacture of an edible syrup from impure sugar solutions which consists in removing the organic nonsuga-rs, the potassium and other mineral salts and the color by adding alcohol, aluminum sulphate, lime and gum carbon and separaing the suspended and absorbed solids h 1% it; ation.

5. The method of preparing a carbonaceous filtering dcco'lorizing material from the impurities l anure sugar solu tions, which consists pcrcipitating these impurities with alcohol, adding a finely powdered filtering mater al, then removing the suspended solids by filtration, there 7. The method of preparing a carbonace ous filtering and decolorizing material from the impurities in impure sugar solutions,

which consists in precipitating a portion of these impurities with alcohol, then adding a quantity of carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material, removing the suspended solids by filtration, then adding to the clear filtrate a quantity of aluminum sulphate, removing the crystals so produced by filtration, and then adding to the clear filtrate so produced, a quantity of lime, and thereafter removing the suspended solids by i ration and subjecting the resulting calre to the process of destructive distillation out of contact with the air. I

8, The method of preparing a carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material from the impurities in impure sugar solutions, which consists in adding to the impure sugar solutions a quantity of alcohol, I aluminum sulphate, lime, and a quantity of carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material, thereafter removing the resulting solids from the solution by filtration, subjecting the solids so removed to destructive distillation out of contact with the air, and then removing from the carbonaceous material so produced the soluble substances by washing with water 9. The process of recovering potassium salts from impure sugar solutions, which consists in adding to the im ure sugar solutions a quantity of alcohol an a quant ty of inaterial formed by carbonizing the 1mpurities which have been removed from an alcoholic solution oi impure sugar, then separating the suspended solids by filtration thereafter adding to the clear alcoholic filtrate a quail" tity of aluminum sulphate and then separat ing the crystals of potassium salts so produced by filtration.

10. The process of recovering potassium salts from impure sugar solutions, which consists in adding a quantity of alcohol to impure solution, then quantity of aluminum sulphate, tity of lime or similar substance quantity of material formed by carbo the impurities removed from an alcoholiosolution ot' impure sugar, removing" the solids from the mir' ure by filtration, then washing the potassi: n from solids hot Illlll) llll Water, cooling the solution of potassium salts and separating the crystals thus formed from the mother liquor.

11. The 'process of recovering potassium salts from impure sugar solutions, which consists in adding a quantity oit'alcoliol to the impure sugar solution, then adding a quantity of aluminum sulphate, then adding a quantity of lime and a quantity of carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material, separating the solids'so produced by filtration, subjecting them to the process of de- 'structive distillation out of contact with the naceous filterin air, removing the potassium salts from the carbonized'mass by Washing them out With Water, and evaporating the solution of potassium salts so produced to dryness.

12. The process or purifying impure sugar solutions, Which consists in adding a quantity of alcohol to the impure sugar solutions in conjuncton with a quantity of carboand decolorizing material formed by car onizing the impurities removed. from an alcohollc solution of impure sugar, thereafter removing the suspended tassium salts so produced by filtration and then removing the alcohol from the resulting clear filtrate by distillation.

14. The process of purifying impure sugar solutions, whichconsists in adding a quantity of alcohol to the impure sugar solutions, then adding a quantity of carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material, formed by carbonizing the impurities removed from an alcoholic solution of impure sugar, thereafter removing the suspended solids by filtration and adding to the clear alcoholic filtrate so produced a quantity of aluminum sulphate removing the crystals of potassium salts so produced by filtration and then adding to the clear alcoholic filtrate so produced a quantity ol lime, together with a quantity or" carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material, thereafter removing the suspended solids by filtration and then removing the alcohol from the clear filtrate so produced by distillation.

15. The process of purifying impure sugar solutions which conslsts in adding a quantity of alcohol to the impure sugar solutions,

then adding a quantity of carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material, and. thereintense carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing ma- 7 terial, thereafter separating the suspended solids by filtration and adding to the clear alcoholic filtrate so produced a quantity of phosphoric acid together with a quantity of carbonaceous filtering and decolorizing material, then separating the solids so produced by filtration and then removing the alcohol 'itrom the clear filtrate so produced by distillation.

16. The process of purifying impure sugar solutions, which consists in subjecting the gums and other soluble impurities which have been precipitated from impure sugar solutions by alcohol, to destructive distillation, then adding the carbon so produced to the sugar solution which is to be purified, and then removing the suspended and absorbed matter from the sugar solution by filtration.

17. The process of purifying impure sugar solutions, which consists in addin & quantity of'alcohol and a quantity of gum carbon,, and thereafter separating the suspended solids lcy filtration.

18. l he process of purifying impure sugar solutions, which consists in adding to the impure sugar solutions aquantity of alcohol, alu inum sulphate, lime and a material formed w ning the impurities removed .wholic solution of impure the solids by filtration, and he alcohol from the clear by distillation. 19. An ii proved l in sugar manufacturing and refining which consists in precipitating the impurities with alcohol, aluminum sulphate and lime, then adding a quantity oi gum carbon and filtering.

20. The process of preventing the formation of final molasses in beet sugar manufacturing and refining which consists in removing the impurities from the green and waslr syrup by adding a quantity of ?gum carbon, alcohol, aluminum sulphate and lime and then separating the suspended solids by filtration.

2].. The process oi decreasing the formation of final molasses'in cane sugar manul rip filtrate so lecturing and refining,'which consists in.

cipitation with alcohol, removing the potassium after addition of aluminum sulphate to the alcoholic solution, removing the mineral salts after addition of lime to the alcoholic solution, removing the alcohol by distillation and then removing the color by adding to the alcohol free sugar solution a quantity of material formed by carboniz-ing the impurities precipitated from alcoholic solutions of impure sugar, and then separating the carbon and absorbed coloring matter from the purified sugar solution thus produced.

23.,The production of a substance to be used as a raw material for the manufacture of a decolorizing carbon, potassium salts, wood alcohol and ammonia, which consistsv in precipitating and absorbing the non-sugars from impure sugar solutions by adding to the impure sugar solutions, gum carbon, alcohol, aluminum sulphate and lime collecting the precipitated, absorbed and suspended matter by filtration.

24. The process of sugar manufacturing and refining which consists in adding alco-. hol to impure sugar solutions, removing the resulting precipitate, subjecting it to destructive distillation and using the resulting carbon a a filterin and decolorizing agent in the treatment of sugar solutions.

25. The process of manufacturing a carbonaceous filtering aid used for filtering and decolorizing sugar solutions which aid is formed by carbonizing the non-sugars removed from impure sugar solutions by adding alcohol and. gum carbon and then filtering.

26. The process of treating impure sugar solutions, which consists in adding an agent for the precipitation of the gums, an agent for producing the precipitation of the potassium, and then adding gum carbon, and thereafter removing the precipitated and suspended solids by filtration.

27 A process for the simultaneous purification of sugar solutions, the production of a material to be used in the manufacture of vegetable decolorizing carbon and the production of potassium alum, which consists in addin to the impure sugar solutions a quantity of alcohol and a quantity of gum carbon, removing by filtration the precipitated sub stances which are to be used for the manufacture of the said decolorizing carbon, then adding to the filtered alcoholic sugar solution a quantity of aluminum sulphate in slight excess over the quantity necessary to chemically combine with 'the potassium present to form potassium alum, removing the cr stalsof said potassium alum by filtration, t en adding lime to the potassium free alcoholic sugar solution until said slight excess of aluminum sulphate has been precipitated, removing said precipitate by filtration, and thereafter removing the alcohol from the purified sugar solution by distillation.

ROY 1D. ELLIOTT.

Witnesses:

W. W. HEALEY, M, E. EWING. 

